Second phase Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)

the battle of vistula lagoon (polish: bitwa na zalewie wiślanym or polish: bitwa w zatoce Świeżej) fought on september 15, 1463 between navy of teutonic order , navy of prussian confederation, allied king of poland.

in 1461, poland achieved major success capture of castle of schwetz. polish privateers hired danzig successful, though fighting not teutonic ships , privateers, ships lübeck. first group of polish army regulars — around 2,000 soldiers — came prussia around october 1461, under dunin. dunin achieved 2 successes, capturing castles of lessen , stuhm. teutonic knights @ same time captured few cities , castles, such town of strasburg (brodnica), although castle stayed in polish hands, , stargard. sejm in nowe miasto korczyn in lesser poland decided raise new taxes increasing polish regular army. in summer of 1462 when dunin finally, after losing castle of strasburg, start more serious action. first success conquest of castle of frauenburg (frombork).

the battle of Świecino (schwetz), excellent teutonic commander fritz raweneck killed, changed course of war. after battle poles, supported ulrich czerwonka, released bohemian imprisonment, able take offensive. on july 27, 1463, dunin began siege of mewe. because of great strategic importance of city , castle, grand master of teutonic order sent reinforcements. teutonic army, under commanders von plauen, von zinnenberg, , grand master, gathered in stargard. on september 15, 1463, 44 ships of teutonic navy destroyed 30 ships danzig , elbing in battle of zatoka Świeża. after battle, von zinnenberg, approval of teutonic order, made treaty poland, withdrawing war retaining in possession few castles in culmerland. mewe capitulated on january 1, 1464.

the teutonic knights began have serious financial problems. every year received less money holy roman empire. mercenaries, core of teutonic army, not paid , refused make serious offensives. @ same time armies of poland , prussian confederation (mainly danzig) continuing offensive.

teutonic state in 1466

casimir unable profit polish successes because of troubles in lithuania. lithuanians rejected idea of moving teutonic order podolia, if lithuania acquire territories in prussia. forced king open new negotiations teutonic order, hanseatic league mediators. on july 3, 1462, negotiations started in thorn. polish negotiators included jan długosz , rector of kraków academy, jan of dąbrówka. prussian representatives included gabriel von baysen , scibor von baysen, envoys larger cities. poles , prussians argued pomerania time immemorial belonged poland, pointing out slavic names in pomerania, slavic language of inhabitants , tax of st. peter paid pomerania, , pomerania belonged polish diocese of włocławek. emphasized prussians of own asked incorporation of prussia poland. tried prove eastern prussia was, in times past, tied in way poland. teutonic knights questioned arguments , past papal judgments. instead, underlined poland had officially resigned claims pomerania , culmerland, , pointed emperor s statement of 1453 when forbade opposition in prussia. hanseatic mediators proposed ceasefire 20 years, refused. poles again proposed moving teutonic order podolia, rejected. unofficially, poles unsuccessfully proposed leaving teutonic order in sambia polish vassals. finally, poles demanded @ least pomerellia, culmerland, marienburg, , elbing, , when rejected too, negotiations broke down.

dunin continued on offensive, capturing more , more castles. masovians, enraged teutonic raids, organised levée en masse , captured castle of soldau (działdowo), again king had leave poland lithuania, , financial problems stopped further advances. caused round of negotiations in 1465, again unsuccessful.

in 1466 prince-bishop of warmia, paul von legensdorf, decided join polish forces , declare war on teutonic knights. polish forces under dunin able capture konitz on september 28, 1466.

the second peace of thorn of 1466 (german: zweiter friede von thorn; polish: drugi pokój toruński) peace treaty signed in hanseatic city of thorn (toruń) on 19 october 1466 between polish king casimir iv jagiellon , teutonic knights.

earlier, in 1454, jan janski de turze (pl:jan z jani) of clan of ostoja had become first polish voivode of gdańsk , pomerania. clan had been fighting teutonic side since days of stibor of stiboricz, duke of transylvania , 1 of loyal lords of king sigismund von luksemburg. strategy of clan of ostoja in beginning of 15th century not use of military forces use diplomatic game in order make teutonic side weaker economically, not pay mercenaries depended on. time jan janski de turze become voivode of pomerania, szarlejski of ostoja voivode of kujawy , used of clan brother raise funds hire mercenaries fighting on polish side. stibor de poniec of ostoja, lord general of greater poland , joined cause in 1457. clan brothers jan janski , szarlejski, stibor de poniec raised new funds hire more mercenaries fight on polish side. however, stibor decided use funds pay mercenaries defended main stronghold of teutonic knights, malbork (marieburg), , in return asked them leave stronghold. in way, polish side succeeded overtake malbork without force, in 1457. later, in 1466 stibor de poniec sealed second peace of thorn, broke power of teutonic knights.

the polish successes caused exhausted teutonic order seek new negotiations, documented chronicler jan długosz. new mediator pope paul ii. papal legate, rudolf of rüdesheim, second peace of thorn signed on october 10, 1466. western prussia became autonomous polish province, later known royal prussia; bishopric of warmia came under crown of poland. eastern prussia remained under control of teutonic knights, although became vassal of polish king. grand master received title of senator of polish kingdom. treaty signed papal legate. both sides agreed, although pope s approval not necessary, ask him confirm treaty ensure . treaty later disputed pope paul ii , emperor frederick iii.