In the Communist Party of Italy Antonio Gramsci

julia schucht sons

the failure of workers councils develop national movement convinced gramsci communist party in leninist sense needed. group around l ordine nuovo declaimed incessantly against italian socialist party s centrist leadership , allied bordiga s far larger abstentionist faction. on 21 january 1921, in town of livorno (leghorn), communist party of italy (partito comunista d italia – pci) founded. gramsci supported against bordiga arditi del popolo, militant anti-fascist group struggled against blackshirts.

gramsci leader of party inception subordinate bordiga, emphasis on discipline, centralism , purity of principles dominated party s programme until lost leadership in 1924.

in 1922, gramsci travelled russia representative of new party. here, met julia schucht, young violinist whom married in 1923 , whom had 2 sons, delio (born 1924) , giuliano (born 1926). gramsci never saw second son.

antonio gramsci commemorative plaque, mokhovaya street 16, moscow. inscription reads in building in 1922–1923 worked eminent figure of international communism , labor movement , founder of italian communist party antonio gramsci.

the russian mission coincided advent of fascism in italy, , gramsci returned instructions foster, against wishes of pci leadership, united front of leftist parties against fascism. such front ideally have had pci @ centre, through moscow have controlled leftist forces, others disputed potential supremacy: socialists did have tradition in italy, too, while communist party seemed relatively young , radical. many believed eventual coalition led communists have functioned remotely political debate, , have run risk of isolation.

in late 1922 , 1923, benito mussolini s government embarked on campaign of repression against opposition parties, arresting of pci leadership, including bordiga. @ end of 1923, gramsci travelled moscow vienna, tried revive party torn factional strife.

in 1924 gramsci, recognised head of pci, gained election deputy veneto. started organizing launch of official newspaper of party, called l unità (unity), living in rome while family stayed in moscow. @ lyon congress in january 1926, gramsci s theses calling united front restore democracy italy adopted party.

in 1926, joseph stalin s manoeuvres inside bolshevik party moved gramsci write letter comintern in deplored opposition led leon trotsky underlined presumed faults of leader. togliatti, in moscow representative of party, received letter, opened it, read it, , decided not deliver it. caused difficult conflict between gramsci , togliatti never resolved.