Head of state Republic

1 head of state

1.1 structure
1.2 elections
1.3 ambiguities
1.4 sub-national republics

head of state
structure

with no monarch, modern republics use title president head of state. used refer presiding officer of committee or governing body in great britain usage applied political leaders, including leaders of of thirteen colonies (originally virginia in 1608); in full, president of council . first republic adopt title united states of america. keeping usage head of committee president of continental congress leader of original congress. when new constitution written title of president of united states conferred on head of new executive branch.

if head of state of republic head of government, called presidential system. there number of forms of presidential government. full-presidential system has president substantial authority , central political role.

in other states legislature dominant , presidential role purely ceremonial , apolitical, such in germany , india. these states parliamentary republics , operate constitutional monarchies parliamentary systems power of monarch circumscribed. in parliamentary systems head of government, titled prime minister, exercises real political power. semi-presidential systems have president active head of state, have head of government important powers.

the rules appointing president , leader of government, in republics permit appointment of president , prime minister have opposing political convictions: in france, when members of ruling cabinet , president come opposing political factions, situation called cohabitation.

in countries, switzerland, bosnia , herzegovina , san marino, head of state not single person committee (council) of several persons holding office. roman republic had 2 consuls, elected 1 year-term comitia centuriata, consisting of adult, freeborn males prove citizenship.

elections

in liberal democracies presidents elected, either directly people or indirectly parliament or council. typically in presidential , semi-presidential systems president directly elected people, or indirectly elected done in united states. in country president officially elected electoral college, chosen states, of direct election of electors. indirect election of president through electoral college conforms concept of republic 1 system of indirect election. in opinion of some, direct election confers legitimacy upon president , gives office of political power. however, concept of legitimacy differs expressed in united states constitution established legitimacy of united states president resulting signing of constitution 9 states. idea direct election required legitimacy contradicts spirit of great compromise, actual result manifest in clause provides voters in smaller states more representation in presidential selection in large states.

in states parliamentary system president elected parliament. indirect election subordinates president parliament, , gives president limited legitimacy , turns presidential powers reserve powers can exercised under rare circumstance. there exceptions elected presidents have ceremonial powers, such in ireland.

ambiguities

the distinction between republic , monarchy not clear. constitutional monarchies of former british empire , western europe today have real political power vested in elected representatives, monarchs holding either theoretical powers, no powers or used reserve powers. real legitimacy political decisions comes elected representatives , derived of people. while hereditary monarchies remain in place, political power derived people in republic. these states referred crowned republics.

terms such liberal republic used describe of modern liberal democracies.

there self-proclaimed republics act monarchies absolute power vested in leader , passed down father son. north korea , syria 2 notable examples son has inherited political control. neither of these states officially monarchies. there no constitutional requirement power passed down within 1 family, has occurred in practice.

there elective monarchies ultimate power vested in monarch, monarch chosen manner of election. current example of such state malaysia yang di-pertuan agong elected every 5 years conference of rulers composed of 9 hereditary rulers of malay states , vatican city-state, pope selected cardinal-electors, cardinals under specific age. while rare today, elective monarchs common in past. holy roman empire important example, each new emperor chosen group of electors. islamic states employed primogeniture, instead relying on various forms of election choose monarch s successor.

the polish–lithuanian commonwealth had elective monarchy, wide suffrage of 500,000 nobles. system, known golden liberty, had developed method powerful landowners control crown. proponents of system looked classical examples, , writings of italian renaissance, , called elective monarchy rzeczpospolita, based on res publica.

sub-national republics

in general being republic implies sovereignty state ruled people cannot controlled foreign power. there important exceptions this, example, republics in soviet union member states had meet 3 criteria named republics:

it argued former soviet union supra-national republic, based on claim member states different nations.

socialist federative republic of yugoslavia (and earlier names) federal entity composed of 6 republics (socialist republic of bosnia , herzegovina, croatia, macedonia, montenegro, serbia, , slovenia). each republic had parliament, government, institute of citizenship, constitution, etc., functions delegated federation (army, monetary matters). each republic had right of self-determination according conclusions of second session of avnoj , according federal constitution.

states of united states required, federal government, republican in form, final authority resting people. required because states intended create , enforce domestic laws, exception of areas delegated federal government , prohibited states. founding fathers of country intended domestic laws handled states. requiring states republic in form seen protecting citizens rights , preventing state becoming dictatorship or monarchy, , reflected unwillingness on part of original 13 states (all independent republics) unite other states not republics. additionally, requirement ensured other republics join union.

in example of united states, original 13 british colonies became independent states after american revolution, each having republican form of government. these independent states formed loose confederation called united states , later formed current united states ratifying current u.s. constitution, creating union of sovereign states union or federal government being republic. state joining union later required republic.