Design Movie theater

1 design

1.1 multiplexes , megaplexes
1.2 drive-in
1.3 other venues
1.4 3d
1.5 imax

design

cinema odeon auditorium in florence



interior of hoyts southbank cinemas auditorium in australia, stadium seating, acoustic wall hangings, wall-mounted speakers, , cup holders



interior of 1950s style fine arts movie theater auditorium. low pitch viewing floor used.



a typical raked (sloped) floor movie auditorium, gives viewers clear view of screen.

traditionally movie theater, stage theater, consists of single auditorium rows of comfortable padded seats, foyer area containing box office buying tickets. movie theaters have concession stand buying snacks , drinks within theater s lobby. other features included film posters, arcade games , washrooms. stage theaters converted movie theaters placing screen in front of stage , adding projector; conversion may permanent, or temporary purposes such showing arthouse fare audience accustomed plays. familiar characteristics of relatively low admission , open seating can traced samuel roxy rothafel, movie theater impresario. many of these theaters contain balcony, elevated level across auditorium above theater s rearmost seats. rearward main floor loge seats larger, softer, , more spaced , sold higher price. in conventional low pitch viewing floors preferred seating arrangement use staggered rows. while less efficient use of floor space allows improved sight line between patrons seated in next row toward screen, provided not lean toward 1 another.

stadium seating , popular in modern multiplexes, dates 1920s. 1922 princess theatre in honolulu, hawaii featured stadium seating, sharply raked rows of seats extending in front of screen towards ceiling. gives patrons clear sight line on heads of seated in front of them. modern stadium seating utilized in imax theaters, have tall screens, beginning in 1970s. rows of seats divided 1 or more aisles there seldom more 20 seats in row. allows easier access seating, space between rows narrow. depending on angle of rake of seats, aisles have steps. in older theaters, aisle lights built end seats of each row patrons find way in dark. since advent of stadium theaters stepped aisles, each step in aisles may outlined small lights prevent patrons tripping in darkened theater. in movie theaters, auditorium may have lights go low level, when movie going begin. theaters have booster seats children , other short people put on seat, sit higher, better view. many modern theaters have accessible seating areas patrons in wheelchairs. see luxury screens below.

multiplexes , megaplexes

example of multiplex layout

canada first country in world have two-screen theater. elgin theatre in ottawa became first venue offer 2 film programs on different screens in 1957 when canadian theater-owner nat taylor converted dual screen theater 1 capable of showing 2 different movies simultaneously. taylor credited canadian sources inventor of multiplex or cineplex; later founded cineplex odeon corporation, opening 18-screen toronto eaton centre cineplex, world s largest @ time, in toronto, canada. in united states, stanley durwood of american multi-cinema (now amc theatres) credited pioneering multiplex in 1963 after realizing operate several attached auditoriums same staff needed 1 through careful management of start times each movie. ward parkway center in kansas city, missouri had first multiplex cinema in united states.

since 1960s, multiple-screen theaters have become norm, , many existing venues have been retrofitted have multiple auditoriums. single foyer area shared among them. in 1970s many large 1920s movie palaces converted multiple screen venues dividing large auditoriums, , stage space, smaller theaters. because of size, , amenities plush seating , extensive food/beverage service, multiplexes , megaplexes draw larger geographic area smaller theaters. rule of thumb, pull audiences 8 12 mile radius, versus 3 5 mile radius smaller theaters (though size of radius depends on population density). result, customer geography area of multiplexes , megaplexes typically overlaps smaller theaters, face threat of having audience siphoned bigger theaters cut wider swath in movie-going landscape.

in markets, single-screen theaters (sometimes referred uniplex ) have gone out of business; ones remaining used arthouse films, e.g. crest theatre in downtown sacramento, california, small-scale productions, film festivals or other presentations. because of late development of multiplexes, term cinema or theater may refer either whole complex or single auditorium, , screen used refer auditorium. popular film may shown on multiple screens @ same multiplex, reduces choice of other films offers more choice of viewing times or greater number of seats accommodate patrons. 2 or 3 screens may created dividing existing cinema (as durwood did roxy in 1964), newly built multiplexes have @ least 6 8 screens, , many twelve, fourteen, sixteen or eighteen.

although definitions vary, large multiplex 20 or more screens called megaplex in united kingdom brand name large virgin cinema (later ugc). first megaplex considered kinepolis in brussels, belgium, opened in 1988 25 screens , seating capacity of 7,500. first theater in u.s. built ground megaplex amc grand 24 in dallas, texas, opened in may 1995, while first megaplex in u.s. based on expansion of existing facility studio 28 in grand rapids, michigan, reopened in november 1988 20 screens , seating capacity of 6,000.

drive-in


a drive-in 33-metre (108 foot) wide inflatable movie screen in centre of brussels, belgium

a drive-in movie theater outdoor parking area screen—sometimes inflatable screen—at 1 end , projection booth @ other. moviegoers drive parking spaces sloped upwards @ front give more direct view of movie screen. movies viewed through car windscreen (windshield) although people prefer sit on hood of car. sound either provided through portable loudspeakers located each parking space, or broadcast on fm radio frequency, played through car s stereo system. because of outdoor nature, drive-ins operate seasonally, , after sunset. drive-in movie theaters found in united states, popular in 1950s , 1960s. once numbering in thousands, 400 remain in u.s. today. in cases, multiplex or megaplex theaters built on sites of former drive-in theaters.

other venues

a giant inflatable movie screen used @ temporary outdoor movie theater (open air cinema)



1967 bedford mobile cinema

some outdoor movie theaters grassy areas audience sits upon chairs, blankets or in hot tubs, , watch movie on temporary screen, or wall of building. colleges , universities have sponsored movie screenings in lecture halls. formats of these screenings include 35 mm, 16 mm, dvd, vhs, , 70 mm in rare cases. alternative methods of showing movies have been popular in past. in 1980s introduction of vhs cassettes made possible video-salons, small rooms visitors viewed movies on large tv. these establishments popular in soviet union, official distribution companies slow adapt changing demand, , movie theaters not show popular hollywood , asian films.

in 1967 british government launched 7 custom-built mobile cinema units use part of ministry of technology campaign raise standards. using futuristic look, these 27-seat cinema vehicles designed attract attention. built on bedford sb3 chassis custom coventry steel caravan extruded aluminum body. movies commonly shown on airliners in flight, using large screens in each cabin or smaller screens each group of rows or each individual seat; airline company charges fee headphones needed hear movie s sound. in similar fashion, movies shown on trains, such auto train.

the smallest purpose-built cinema cabiria cine-cafe measures 24 m² (258.3 ft²) , has seating capacity of 18. built renata carneiro agostinho da silva (brazil) in brasília df, brazil in 2008. mentioned in 2010 guinness world records. world s smallest solar-powered mobile cinema sol cinema in uk. touring since 2010 cinema converted 1972 caravan. seats 8-10 @ time. in 2015 featured in lenovo advert launch of new tablet. bell museum of natural history in minneapolis, minnesota has begun summer bike-ins, inviting pedestrians or people on bicycles onto grounds both live music , movies. in various canadian cities, including toronto, calgary, ottawa , halifax, al-fresco movies projected on walls of buildings or temporarily erected screens in parks operate during summer , cater pedestrian audience. new parkway museum in oakland, california replaces general seating couches , coffee tables, having full restaurant menu instead of general movie theater concessions such popcorn or candy.

3d

a typical multiplex (amc promenade 16 in woodland hills, los angeles)

3d film system of presenting film images appear viewer three-dimensional. visitors borrow or keep special glasses wear while watching movie. depending on system used, these typically polarized glasses. three-dimensional movies use 2 images channeled, respectively, right , left eyes simulate depth using 3-d glasses red , blue lenses (anaglyph), polarized (linear , circular), , other techniques. 3-d glasses deliver proper image proper eye , make image appear pop-out @ viewer , follow viewer when he/she moves viewers relatively see same image.

the earliest 3-d movies presented in 1920s. there have been several prior waves of 3d movie distribution, notably in 1950s when promoted way offer audiences not see @ home on television. still process faded , yet has never been more periodic novelty in movie presentation. golden era of 3d film began in 1950s release of first color stereoscopic feature, bwana devil. film starred robert stack, barbara britton , nigel bruce. james mage pioneer in 3d craze. using 16 mm 3d bolex system, premiered triorama program in february 1953 4 shorts: sunday in stereo, indian summer, american life, , bolex stereo. 1953 saw 2 groundbreaking features in 3d: columbia s man in dark , warner bros. house of wax, first 3d feature stereophonic sound. many years, 3-d movies shown in amusement parks , 4-d techniques have been used when effects such spraying of water, movement of seats, , other effects used simulate actions seen on screen. first decline in theatrical 3d craze started in august , september 1953.

in 2009, movie exhibitors became more interested in 3d film. number of 3d screens in theaters increasing. reald company expects 15,000 screens worldwide in 2010. availability of 3d movies encourages exhibitors adopt digital cinema , provides way theaters compete home theaters. 1 incentive theaters show 3d films although ticket sales have declined, revenues 3d tickets have grown. in 2010s, 3d films became popular again. imax 3d system , digital 3d systems used (the latter used in animated movies of disney/pixar).

the reald 3d system works using single digital projector swaps , forth between images eyes. filter placed in front of projector changes polarization of light coming projector. silver screen used reflect light @ audience , reduce loss of brightness. there 4 other systems available: volfoni, master image, xpand , dolby 3d.

when system used requires inexpensive 3d glasses, can kept patron. theaters have fixed cost 3d, while others charge glasses, latter uncommon (at least in united states). example, in pathé theaters in netherlands fee watching 3d film consists of fixed fee of €1.50, , optional fee of €1 glasses. holders of pathé unlimited gold pass (see below) supposed bring along own glasses; 1 pair, supplied yearly, more robust regular type, included in price.

imax

imax system using film more ten times frame size of 35 mm film produce image quality far superior conventional film. imax theaters use oversized screen special projectors. invented canadian company, first permanent imax theater @ ontario place in toronto, ontario, canada. @ imax cinema attached national media museum in bradford, west yorkshire, england, in united kingdom, visitors museum s sixth floor can observe imax projection booth via glass rear wall, , watch large format films being loaded , projected.