National and official languages National language

1 national , official languages

1.1 albania
1.2 algeria
1.3 andorra
1.4 australia
1.5 bangladesh
1.6 bulgaria
1.7 canada
1.8 china
1.9 finland
1.10 germany
1.11 haiti
1.12 india
1.13 indonesia
1.14 iran
1.15 ireland
1.16 israel
1.17 italy
1.18 kenya
1.19 lebanon
1.20 luxembourg
1.21 malta
1.22 namibia
1.23 nepal
1.24 new zealand
1.25 nigeria
1.26 pakistan
1.27 philippines
1.28 poland
1.29 romania
1.30 russia
1.31 serbia
1.32 singapore
1.33 slovenia
1.34 south africa
1.35 spain
1.36 switzerland
1.37 taiwan
1.38 tunisia
1.39 turkey
1.40 united kingdom

1.40.1 northern ireland
1.40.2 scotland
1.40.3 wales


1.41 uganda
1.42 ukraine
1.43 united states
1.44 vietnam

national , official languages

albania

albanian national language in albania , kosovo , regional national language parts of macedonia , southern montenegro.

algeria

arabic national language in algeria. berber official language. french has no official status used in education, business , media.

andorra

andorra s national language catalan; catalan official language in several territories in spain (catalonia, valencian community, balearic islands), , spoken (without official recognition or status) in territories in spain (the catalan-aragonese borderlands known la franja , murcian municipality of el carche), france (pyrénées orientales) , in italy (alghero).

azerbaijan

azerbaijani language national language in azerbaijan.

australia

australia has no official language, largely monolingual english being de facto national language. considerable proportion of first , second generation migrants bilingual. according ethnologue, 81% of people spoke english @ home, including l2 speakers. other languages spoken @ home included chinese 2.9%, italian 1.2%, arabic 1.1%, greek 1%, vietnamese 0.9% , spanish 0.4%.

there 400 languages spoken indigenous australians prior arrival of europeans. 70 of these languages have survived , 30 of these endangered.

bangladesh

bengali (or bangla) sole official language of bangladesh.

bulgaria

bulgarian national language in bulgaria.

canada

canada s official languages since official languages act of 1969 english (canadian english) , french (canadian french). depending on 1 s views of constitutes nation , these 2 languages may considered 2 equal national languages of nation of canada, or national languages of 2 nations within 1 state, english canada , french canada.

quebec nationalists consider quebec french language of quebec nation.

two of canada s northern territories legislate variety of indigenous languages. nunavut holds inuktitut , inuinnaqtun official languages, , northwest territories has 9 official languages aside english , french: cree, dënesųłiné, gwich’in, inuinnaqtun, inuktitut, inuvialuktun, north , south slavey , tłı̨chǫ. these official languages legislated @ territorial (sub-federal) level, can construed national languages.

besides these there many indigenous languages of canada national languages of 1 or more of canada s first nations groups, inuit , métis (mixed first nations-european peoples); number of first nations legislate @ indigenous government levels language official language of nation, such case nisg̱a’a language in nisg̱a’a. notably cree language spoken (with variations) alberta labrador, anishinaabemowin spoken across central canada , inuktitut spoken across arctic.

china

there many languages spoken across china, people speaking 1 of several varieties of chinese. during successive imperial dynasties, spoken language of capital city served official spoken language , used across country government officials traveled communicate 1 another. dialects used purpose in different eras included of xi an, luoyang, nanjing, beijing, , other historical capital cities.

after xinhai revolution in 1911, kuomintang (chinesei nationalists) founded republic of china. in order promote sense of national unity , enhance efficiency of communications within nation, government decided designate national language. beijing dialect of mandarin , guangzhou dialect of cantonese each proposed basis national language china. in beginning, there attempts introduce elements other chinese varieties national language in addition beijing dialect; reflected in first official dictionary of national language, given name 國語 (pinyin: guóyǔ, literally national language ). artificial language had no native speakers , difficult learn, abandoned in 1924. ultimately, beijing dialect chosen national language , continued referred 國語 in chinese in republic of china. since then, beijing dialect has become main standard pronunciation, due prestigious status during preceding qing dynasty.

still, elements other dialects exist in standard language, defined reflecting pronunciation of beijing, grammatical patterns of mandarin dialects spoken in northern parts of china, , vocabulary of modern vernacular chinese literature. people s republic of china renamed national language 普通话 (pinyin: pǔtōnghuà, literally common speech ), without otherwise changing definition of standard national language.

finland

finland has 2 national languages: namely finnish language , swedish language. constitution of finland guarantees right use finnish , swedish in courts , other state institutions. despite large difference in numbers of users, swedish not officially classified minority language equal finnish. both national languages compulsory subjects in school (except children third language mother tongue) , language test prerequisite governmental offices university degree required. constitution grants sami , roma peoples right maintain , develop languages: sami have partial right use sami languages in official situations according other laws.

germany

the official , national language of germany standard german, on 95% of country speaking standard german or german dialects first language.

haiti

haiti s official languages haitian creole , french. while french language used in media, government , education, 90–95% of country speak haitian creole home language while french learned in school.

india

there 1,00,000 national languages in india. however, official languages mentioned in article 343/1 of constitution of india. there 22 official languages in india ,other languages assamese, bengali, bodo, dogri, gujarati, hindi, kannada, kashmiri, konkani, maithili, malayalam, meitei (manipuri), marathi, nepali, odia, punjabi, sanskrit, santali, sindhi, tamil, telugu, urdu. states of india free adopt 1 or more local languages or of official purposes of state. today 22 languages carry equal official status , government documents can in of 22 recognized official languages. has been clarified court rulings well, example in 2010 gujarat high court affirmed equal role 22 languages. india has common law legal system – therefore, unless overturned legislature or higher court explicitly, ruling in 2010 takes precedence , 22 official languages meant taken on equal footing. currency notes in india typically carry denomination in 17 languages.

indonesia

the official language of indonesia indonesian. indonesia has more 700 living languages, making second linguistically diverse country after papua new guinea. these 700+ languages, however, without official status, , in danger of extinction. largest local language javanese.

iran

persian (or farsi) recognised national language of iran.

ireland

irish recognised constitution of ireland national language , first official language of ireland, , english language recognised second official language.

israel

hebrew , arabic official languages of israel, though english used extensively (e.g. on road signs).

italy

the italian language de jure , de facto official language of italy. italian referred national language historical , cultural reasons, because since 15th century, italian became language used in courts of every state in italy , in general among educated italians (scholars, writers, poets, philosophers, scientists, composers , artists) contributed nowadays culture of italy. furthermore, italian official language of various italian states before unification, replacing latin, when ruled foreign powers (such spaniards in kingdom of naples, or austrians in kingdom of lombardy-venetia).

kenya

while english , swahili official languages, swahili has special status national language. none of country s biggest languages (gikuyu, luo, kamba, kalenjin, etc.) have explicit legal status on national level, 2010 constitution enjoins state promote , protect diversity of language of people of kenya.

lebanon

in lebanon, arabic language official national language. modern standard arabic used official purposes, while everyday spoken language lebanese arabic. french , english widespread in lebanon.

luxembourg

luxembourg uses 3 official languages: luxembourgish, french, , german. luxembourgish had no official status, following constitutional revision law passed on february 24, 1984 making luxembourgish national language. furthermore, law recognised 3 languages of luxembourg (luxembourgish, french , german) administrative languages.

malta

the maltese language national language of malta. official language of island, english. maltese recognised national in chapter 1 of laws of malta.

namibia

although english nationwide official language in namibia, there 20 national languages, each spoken more or less sizeable portions of population , considered namibia s cultural heritage. national languages have rights of minority language , may serve lingua franca in regions. among namibia s national languages german, afrikaans, oshiwambo, otjiherero, portuguese, languages of himba, nama, san, kavango , damara.

nepal

nepali official language of nepal. on 123 languages spoken in nepal. of language spoken in nepal newari hindi tamang sherpa rai magar gurung maithili purbeli english limbu mongolian etc.

new zealand

while population of new zealand predominantly english-speaking, language of indigenous polynesian people te reo māori. both of these have official status in country, along new zealand sign language, 1 of few sign languages in world have such status.

nigeria

besides official english (nigerian standard english), nigeria recognizes 3 majority , or national, languages. these hausa, igbo, , yoruba, each 20 million speakers or more.

pakistan

article 251(1) of 1973 constitution of pakistan, titled national language, specifies: national language of pakistan urdu, , arrangements shall made being used official , other purposes within fifteen years commencing day. although urdu has been declared official language, far government documents, legislation, legal orders, , other official records written in pakistani english. higher education instruction in english. national language authority organization established make arrangements promote urdu since 1979.

philippines

the 1973 philippine constitution hegemonically imposed tagalog national language @ expense of other ethnic nationalities in country , mandated development , formal adoption of common national language known filipino. english (philippine english) designated official language, until otherwise provided law .

the 1987 constitution designated filipino language, based on tagalog inclusion of terms recognized languages of philippines, national language. designated both filipino , english official languages purposes of communication , instruction, , designated regional languages auxiliary official languages in regions serve auxiliary media of instruction therein.

more 170 languages spoken in philippines , of them belong borneo–philippines languages group of austronesian language family. in 2007, six-part series titled case of ilokano national language authored dr. aurelio solver agcaoili of university of hawaii appeared in culture, essays, lifestyle of tawid news magazine. in september 2012, la union became first province in philippine history pass ordinance proclaiming local language , vernacular, ilokano, official language. move aims protect , revitalize use of ilokano in various government , civil affairs within province.

poland

article 27 of constitution states: polish shall official language in republic of poland .

romania

the official , national language of romania romanian language.

russia

the russian language official language of russia, 27 other languages considered official in different regions of russia.

serbia

the serbian language national language of serbia, written in cyrillic script. there 15 minority languages.

singapore

singapore has 4 official languages: english (singapore english), chinese, malay , tamil. although english primary language of business, government, , education, malay designated national language. due geographical , historical ties malaysia recognition of ethnic malays (about 14% of population) indigenous people of singapore.

traditionally, lingua franca among different ethnic groups in singapore bazaar malay, malay-based creole. since independence, government has been promoting english main language of singapore. bilingual education policy requires students study 2 languages: english , mother tongue corresponding student s ethnicity. malay offered non-malay students optional third language in secondary schools. result, english has displaced bazaar malay common language among singaporeans. therefore, despite status of malay national language, majority doesn t speak it.

slovenia

the slovene language national language of slovenia. there 6 minority languages.

south africa

south africa has 11 official languages, namely afrikaans, english, ndebele, northern sotho, sotho, swazi, tswana, tsonga, venda, xhosa , zulu. south african sign language , dutch distinct in south africa though incompletely emerged national standard languages subsumes cluster of semi-standardised dialects.

the above mentioned languages can considered minority lingua francas — none of these languages of official language status in country.



spain

spain has 1 national constitutional language, spanish, there 4 other languages co-official in territories: galician language in galicia, basque in euskadi , part of navarre, catalan language in cataluña, balearic islands , valencia (as valencian), , aranese dialect in val d aran.

switzerland

the logo of swiss federal administration, in 4 national languages of switzerland.

switzerland has 4 national languages: german, french, italian , romansh.

all official languages @ national level within federal administration of switzerland.

taiwan

during japanese rule (1895 1945), national language movement (國語運動, kokugo undō) promoted japanese language. after defeat in chinese civil war in 1949, kuomintang regime of republic of china retreated island of taiwan, introduced mandarin, spoken few of island population @ time, new national language .

tunisia

the official language of tunisian state arabic. but, language not mother tongue of population or used communicate between tunisian people, instead tunisian arabic plays these roles , national language of tunisia. also, without official status, french used extensively in written , spoken form in administration, education , business environment , known 63.6% of population. berber minorities in south-west , pon djerba island use tunisian chelha language communicate between themselves.

turkey

turkish national language of turkey per turkish constitution.

united kingdom

the english language (british english) de facto official language of united kingdom , sole language of estimated 95% of british population. 3 home nations outside england have national languages of own varying degrees of recognition, coexist dominant english language. britain has several crown dependencies , overseas territories extent self-governing, not recognized independent states. many of these have own regional languages.

northern ireland

in northern ireland, both gaelic irish language , west germanic ulster scots dialects recognized friday agreement part of cultural wealth of island of ireland , promoted foras na gaeilge (irish institute) , tha boord o ulstèr-scotch (the ulster-scots agency) respectively.

scotland

in scotland, scottish gaelic minority language spoken 57,375 people (1.1% of scottish population aged on 3 years old). gaelic language (scotland) act 2005 gives language limited official status, , bòrd na gàidhlig tasked securing status of gaelic language official language of scotland commanding equal respect english language . scots, treated west germanic language related separate english, has no official status recognized minority language, , language of scottish literature, including poetry of robert burns.

wales

the welsh language has official status within wales, , of 2011 census, spoken 562,000 people, or 19% of population. welsh language board (bwrdd yr iaith gymraeg) legally tasked ensuring that, in conduct of public business , administration of justice, english , welsh languages should treated on basis of equality .

uganda

the national language of uganda english

ukraine

ukrainian official language of ukraine, russian spoken in eastern ukraine.

united states

in united states, english (american english) national language in informal sense, numbers , historical , contemporary association. united states constitution not explicitly declare official language, although constitution written in english, federal legislation.

on february 13, 2015, representative peter t. king introduced h.r.997, english language unity act of 2015, in united states house of representatives. bill establish english official language of united states. companion bill, s.678, introduced senator jim inhofe in united states senate on march 9, 2015. both bills referred committee. similar legislation has been introduced every year since 1973.

vietnam

in vietnam, vietnamese language had been de facto national language many years, not until decree no. 5 of 2013 constitution vietnamese language officially described national language.