History Jingzhou (ancient China)

1 history

1.1 pre-qin era
1.2 han dynasty
1.3 3 kingdoms period , jin dynasty
1.4 southern , northern dynasties period
1.5 sui dynasty

history
pre-qin era

in warring states period, chu state covered of present-day hubei , hunan, areas form jingzhou in later era. qin state dropped name chu , used jing (荊) instead avoid naming taboo, since personal name of qin s king zhuangxiang (281–247 bce) zichu (子楚; lit. son of chu ) because adoptive mother, lady huayang, chu. chu conquered qin in 223 bce in final stages of qin unification campaign.

han dynasty

map of chinese provinces in prelude of 3 kingdoms period.

(in late eastern han dynasty, 189 ce).

in 106 bce, during reign of emperor wu in western han dynasty (206 bce – 9 ce), china divided 13 administrative divisions (excluding area under central government s control), each governed inspector (刺史). jingzhou 1 of 13, , land area 1 of largest, covering modern provinces of hubei , hunan, city of nanyang in henan province @ north frontier. however, jingzhou did not have provincial capital , administrative division in name.

from 188 ce onwards, during reign of emperor ling in eastern han dynasty (25–220 ce), jingzhou officially became administrative division. book of han mentioned jingzhou had 7 commanderies – nanyang (南陽; present-day southwestern henan), nan (南; present-day western hubei), jiangxia (江夏; present-day eastern hubei), changsha (長沙; present-day northeastern hunan), guiyang (桂陽; present-day southeastern hunan), wuling (武陵; present-day northwestern hunan) , lingling (零陵; present-day southwestern hunan) – under jurisdiction.

before liu biao became governor (州牧) of jingzhou during reign of emperor xian, jingzhou s provincial capital in hanshou county (漢壽縣; present-day hanshou county, changde, hunan). however, remnants of yellow turban rebels still active in southern jingzhou, capital moved north xiangyang (襄陽; present-day xiangyang, hubei).

liu biao died in 208 , succeeded younger son, liu cong, governor of jingzhou, latter surrendered , ceded province warlord cao cao in same year. after battle of red cliffs in winter of 208/209, cao cao managed retain nanyang , nan commanderies in northern jingzhou, while central , southern jingzhou divided between warlords sun quan , liu bei. cao cao subsequently partitioned xiangyang (襄陽) , nanxiang (南鄉) commanderies 2 controlled – nanyang , nan. commanderies in jingzhou split between 3 contending warlords: nan, lingling , wuling liu bei; jiangxia, guiyang , changsha sun quan; nanyang, xiangyang , nanxiang cao cao. believed term 9 commanderies of jing , xiang (荊襄九郡) originated division of jingzhou between 3 powers, since each controlled 3 commanderies, making 9 in total.

in 219, sun quan s general lü meng attacked , seized liu bei s lands in jingzhou, defended liu s general guan yu. triggered subsequent battle of xiaoting (or battle of yiling) of 221–222, concluded liu bei being defeated sun quan s general lu xun. since then, state of shu (founded liu bei) had never laid claims on jingzhou; jingzhou divided between states of wu (founded sun quan) , wei (founded cao cao s successor, cao pi).

three kingdoms period , jin dynasty

during 3 kingdoms period (220-280), jingzhou split between states of wei (220–265) , wu (229–280). provincial capital of wei-controlled jingzhou in xinye (新野), nan commandery, , had 7 commanderies – nanyang (南陽), jiangxia (江夏; north of yangtze river), xiangyang (襄陽), nanxiang (南鄉), xincheng (新城), shangyong (上庸) , weixing (魏興) – under jurisdiction. on other hand, wu-governed jingzhou had administrative centre in jiangling (江陵), nan commandery, 11 commanderies – nan (南), jiangxia (江夏; south of yangtze river), changsha (長沙), xiangdong (湘東), guiyang (桂陽), linhe (臨賀), lingling (零陵), hengyang (衡陽), wuling (武陵), jianping (建平) , yidu (宜都) – under charge.

in western jin dynasty (266-316), jingzhou s capital designated in xiangyang (襄陽; present-day xiangyang, hubei) , governed 23 commanderies , states.

southern , northern dynasties period

during southern , northern dynasties period (420-589), china further divided many administrative divisions land area in each division reduced. liu song dynasty (420-479) established jingzhou s capital in xiangyang (襄陽; present-day xiangyang, hubei). southern qi dynasty (479–502) changed jingzhou s capital nan commandery , made xiangyang (renamed ningman prefecture 寧蠻府) capital of province, yongzhou. in 497, northern wei dynasty (386–535) set administrative division called jingzhou in rang (穰; present-day dengzhou, henan), 8 commanderies under charge. capital later moved shanbei (山北; present-day lushan county, henan). northern wei dynasty established administrative division called east jingzhou (東荊州), capital in ciyang (泚陽).

sui dynasty

in 583, during sui dynasty (589–618), emperor wen abolished commandery system , replaced prefectures , counties administrative divisions. however, emperor wen s successor, emperor yang, restored commanderies , adopted commandery , county system used in qin dynasty. on, jingzhou no longer referred large province used cover hubei , hunan, rather, modern city of jingzhou in hubei. city of jingzhou known nan commandery (南郡), jiangling commandery (江陵郡), jiangling prefecture (江陵府), , jingzhou prefecture (荊州府).