Evolution of venom Squamata

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recent research suggests evolutionary origin of venom may exist deep in squamate phylogeny, 60% of squamates placed in hypothetical group called toxicofera. venom has been known in clades caenophidia, anguimorpha, , iguania, , has been shown have evolved single time along these lineages before 3 groups diverged, because lineages share 9 common toxins. fossil record shows divergence between anguimorphs, iguanians, , advanced snakes dates 200 mya late triassic/early jurassic. fossil evidence jurassic.


snake venom has been shown have evolved via process gene encoding normal body protein, typically 1 involved in key regulatory processes or bioactivity, duplicated, , copy selectively expressed in venom gland. previous literature hypothesized venoms modifications of salivary or pancreatic proteins, different toxins have been found have been recruited numerous different protein bodies , diverse functions.


natural selection has driven origination , diversification of toxins counter defenses of prey. once toxins have been recruited venom proteome, form large, multigene families , evolve via birth-and-death model of protein evolution, leads diversification of toxins allows ambush predators ability attack wide range of prey. rapid evolution , diversification thought result of predator–prey evolutionary arms race, both adapting counter other.








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