Election reform Pope Nicholas II

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previously, papal elections had been controlled roman aristocracy, unless emperor strong enough able intervene distance impose will. result of battles antipope benedict x, nicholas ii wished reform papal elections. @ synod held in lateran @ easter, 1059, pope nicholas brought 113 bishops rome consider number of reforms, including change in election procedure. electoral reform adopted synod amounted declaration of independence on part of church. henceforth, popes selected cardinals in assembly @ rome.







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