Liberal republics Republic

along these initial republican revolts, modern europe saw great increase in monarchial power. era of absolute monarchy replaced limited , decentralized monarchies had existed in of middle ages. saw reaction against total control of monarch series of writers created ideology known liberalism.

most of these enlightenment thinkers far more interested in ideas of constitutional monarchy in republics. cromwell regime had discredited republicanism, , thinkers felt republics ended in either anarchy or tyranny. philosophers voltaire opposed absolutism while @ same time being pro-monarchy.

jean-jacques rousseau , montesquieu praised republics, , looked on city-states of greece model. however, both felt nation-state france, 20 million people, impossible govern republic. rousseau admired republican experiment in corsica (1755–1769) , described ideal political structure of small self-governing communes. montesquieu felt city-state should ideally republic, maintained limited monarchy better suited large nation.

the american revolution began rejection of authority of british parliament on colonies, not of monarchy. failure of british monarch protect colonies considered infringement of rights representative government, monarch s branding of requesting redress traitors, , support sending combat troops demonstrate authority resulted in widespread perception of british monarchy tyrannical.

with united states declaration of independence leaders of revolt firmly rejected monarchy , embraced republicanism. leaders of revolution versed in writings of french liberal thinkers, , in history of classical republics. john adams had notably written book on republics throughout history. in addition, distributed , popularly read-aloud tract common sense, thomas paine, succinctly , eloquently laid out case republican ideals , independence larger public. constitution of united states, ratified in 1789, created relatively strong federal republic replace relatively weak confederation under first attempt @ national government articles of confederation , perpetual union ratified in 1783. first ten amendments constitution, called united states bill of rights, guaranteed natural rights fundamental republican ideals justified revolution.

the french revolution not republican @ outset. after flight varennes removed of remaining sympathy king republic declared , louis xvi sent guillotine. stunning success of france in french revolutionary wars saw republics spread force of arms across of europe series of client republics set across continent. rise of napoleon saw end of french first republic , sister republics, each replaced popular monarchies . throughout napoleonic period, victors extinguished many of oldest republics on continent, including republic of venice, republic of genoa, , dutch republic. transformed monarchies or absorbed neighbouring monarchies.

outside europe group of republics created napoleonic wars allowed states of latin america gain independence. liberal ideology had limited impact on these new republics. main impetus local european descended creole population in conflict peninsulares—governors sent overseas. majority of population in of latin america of either african or amerindian descent, , creole elite had little interest in giving these groups power , broad-based popular sovereignty. simón bolívar, both main instigator of revolts , 1 of important theorists, sympathetic liberal ideals felt latin america lacked social cohesion such system function , advocated autocracy necessary.

in mexico autocracy briefly took form of monarchy in first mexican empire. due peninsular war, portuguese court relocated brazil in 1808. brazil gained independence monarchy on september 7, 1822, , empire of brazil lasted until 1889. in other states various forms of autocratic republic existed until liberalized @ end of 20th century.

the french second republic created in 1848, abolished napoleon iii proclaimed himself emperor in 1852. french third republic established in 1870, when civil revolutionary committee refused accept napoleon iii s surrender during franco-prussian war. spain briefly became first spanish republic in 1873–74, monarchy restored. start of 20th century france, switzerland , san marino remained republics in europe. changed when, after 1908 lisbon regicide, 5 october 1910 revolution established portuguese republic.

a 1920s poster commemorates permanent president of republic of china yuan shikai , provisional president of republic sun yat-sen

in east asia, china had seen considerable anti-qing sentiment during 19th century, , number of protest movements developed calling constitutional monarchy. important leader of these efforts sun yat-sen, 3 principles of people combined american, european, , chinese ideas. under leadership republic of china proclaimed on january 1, 1912.

republicanism expanded in aftermath of world war i, when several of largest european empires collapsed: russian empire (1917), german empire (1918), austro-hungarian empire (1918), , ottoman empire (1922) replaced republics. new states gained independence during turmoil, , many of these, such ireland, poland, finland , czechoslovakia, chose republican forms of government. following greece s defeat in greco-turkish war (1919–22), monarchy briefly replaced second hellenic republic (1924–35). in 1931, proclamation of second spanish republic (1931–39) resulted in spanish civil war prelude of world war ii.

republican ideas spreading, in asia. united states began have considerable influence in east asia in later part of 19th century, protestant missionaries playing central role. liberal , republican writers of west exerted influence. these combined native confucian inspired political philosophy had long argued populace had right reject unjust government had lost mandate of heaven.

two short-lived republics proclaimed in east asia, republic of formosa , first philippine republic.